The Economic Cost of Climate Change Effects

Acquaintance Climate change alludes with an enduring and noteworthy change in the factual circulation of climate designs. This can happen over an extensive stretch of time, from decades to a huge number of years (Parry 2007). In spite of the fact that environmental change may influence a particular area, then again, it can likewise influence the whole globe.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Economic Cost of Climate Change Effects explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because the general meaning of environmental change includes changes in the factual segments of an atmosphere framework without considering the reasons for such changes, changes in atmosphere over a brief timeframe, (for example, quite a few years, as on account of El Nino) doesn't comprise environmental change. The mind boggling interconnection between water assets, atmosphere, financial and biophysical frameworks implies that whenever one of these segments experiences a change, i t influences different components (Pongiglione 2011). There is sufficient convincing proof in writing to help the case that environmental change is a genuine danger to the very endurance of human race. As needs be, the present paper attempts to respond to the inquiry, is environmental change the most genuine danger confronting mankind? In such manner, the article will endeavor to analyze the financial expense related with the impacts of environmental change, and the passings credited to this wonder. Is environmental change the most genuine danger confronting mankind? Environmental change is currently broadly viewed as the greatest test confronting humankind. Expanded regular dry seasons, dissolving icy masses, rising temperatures, and flooding, is sufficient proof that the test of environmental change to mankind is presently a reality (Dykstra 2006). People in the future are confronted with huge dangers because of environmental change and consequently, there is have to guarantee tha t we make dire move to contain environmental change. A great deal of assets have been coordinated towards the running of projects intended to make mindfulness about the impacts of environmental change so individuals may change their conduct and adjust techniques that will bring about practical administration of regular assets. This is planned for hindering the effect of environmental change (Dykstra 2006).Advertising Looking for paper on natural investigations? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, other than environmental change, we are probably going to be confronted other major ecological dangers in the years ahead. Other than adding to the worldwide ecological change, environmental change is additionally viewed as a key segment of the interlaced and complex biological system. Accordingly, various key ecological issues and solid between linkages between atmosphere changes will be the fundamental issues confronting the pe ople to come. We additionally need to recall that environmental change has affected biodiversity and thus, the misfortune in biodiversity, in this manner affecting extraordinarily on environmental change. Changes in dry seasons, precipitation examples and dry spells all consolidate to cause land corruption, for example, desertification, soil disintegration, and breaking down soil quality. When land has been debased, it will in general discharge increasingly ozone harming substances and carbon into the environment. This adequately executes the biodiversity. The discharged gases may sequester carbon and therefore, a criticism circle results, along these lines strengthening environmental change (International Daily Newswire 2006). Environmental change may likewise worsen water corruption since it destabilizes ground water tables. Passing by the ongoing logical proof, there is more reason to get excited about the effect of environmental change on people than we may speculate. For instan ce, a portion of the impacts of environmental change verges on the issues of security plan: starvation, infection, and flooding. This outcomes in uncommon movements in zones that are as of now encountering high pressure. Also, environmental change can bring about harvest disappointment and dry season, bringing about improved rivalry for water, vitality, and food in locales previously wrestling with restricted assets (Dykstra 2006). Additionally, such locales are probably going to encounter financial disturbances for a huge scope. The issue of environmental change isn't only a danger to national security, however to the worldwide security too since the world is getting progressively associated and delicate. This means the impacts of environmental change on locale are felt in another district. Without a steady atmosphere, it would be difficult for a nation to battle neediness. The Euro gauge pool that was led in June 2011 shows that Europeans are persuaded that environmental change gr oups a more serious peril to mankind that the current worldwide monetary emergency (Pongiglione 2011). As indicated by this survey, environmental change was positioned as the second most noteworthy danger to the globe and mankind, in the wake of poverty.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Economic Cost of Climate Change Effects explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More 89 percent of those members who reacted to the review saw environmental change as a â€Å"serious† issue. The reality of environmental change can't be thought little of remembering that no one can guarantee insusceptibility to its belongings. The impacts of environmental change and atmosphere inconstancy on regular frameworks and individuals present grave threat to our aims to accomplish economical turn of events and diminish neediness. Thus, different members from various nations are called upon to participate in guaranteeing that they lessen the effect of environmental cha nge. As of late, we have encountered a great deal of extreme climate conditions and cataclysmic events, and this has upset financial exercises in the creating and the created nations and all the while, addressed the lives of a large number of individuals (Pongiglione 2011). An a valid example is the Indian Ocean tidal wave that enormously influenced the Southeast Asia locale. Different models are the dry seasons and surges of incomprehensible size that have influenced various pieces of the globe. There is likewise the issue of the expanded force of seismic tremors in India and Pakistani, just as the different typhoons in the Caribbean and North Atlantic areas. What this seems to propose is that we all are confronted with different dangers inferable from environmental change. Because of the ongoing environmental change, extraordinary warmth waves have expanded by somewhere in the range of two and multiple times the ordinary reaches. Moreover, environmental change has expanded the pow er and recurrence of outrageous climate, bringing about a rise in harms. For instance, the characteristic fiascoes of 2005 are accepted to have made harms property to the tune of USD 220 billion (Natural Resource Defense Council 2011). Other than property harm, we likewise need to consider misfortunes in pay of those influenced. For instance, following the result of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the Louisiana State in the United States lost what could be compared to 15 % of its pay in the months that followed the catastrophe. Each nation on the planet needs to endure the cost of an unnatural weather change. As indicated by new research discoveries on the United States, on the off chance that the nation proceeds with the ebb and flow slants, the total expense of environmental change will be multiple times higher than its Gross Domestic Product (GDP).Advertising Searching for exposition on ecological investigations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More For this situation, land misfortunes, vitality cost, Hurricane harm and water costs alone will represent 1.8 percent of the country’s GDP by 2100 (Natural Resource Defense Council 2011). What these insights seem to recommend is that environmental change is a genuine danger to humankind, more than even organic perils. This is on the grounds that on account of natural dangers, they are bound to influence a particular district, and not the whole globe. Be that as it may, environmental change influences the whole globe. For instance, illicit logging of the backwoods spread in one district will have an impact in another area that relies upon this characteristic asset. As of now, the World Health Organization (WHO) appraises that the impacts of environmental change brings about 150,000 passings yearly. Then again, organic perils are thought to bring about 320,000 passings every year, on a worldwide scale (Safe Work Australia 2011). This is double the quantity of yearly passings cred ited to environmental change. What this seems to propose is that organic risks speaks to a high danger to mankind, in spite of the fact that their probability of event is very low. Changes in precipitation and temperature conditions can likewise impact the examples of transmission of vector-borne contaminations and water-borne sicknesses, including jungle fever (WHO 2011). Other than causing passing, environmental change likewise influence climate designs. Poor climate designs cause low food creation, bringing about expanded instances of lack of healthy sustenance. Besides, proof additionally shows that if ozone harming substance outflows go unmitigated, they are probably going to expand the ailment trouble in the years to come. In the coming decades, the financial expenses of managing the impacts of environmental change will run into billions of dollars and those territories encountering higher paces of environmental change will make some hard memories adjusting to these conditions (Muller 2008). As indicated by gauges by the United Nations Development Program, by 2015, we will require an extra USD 86 billion consistently to manage the impacts of environmental change (UNDP 2008). End Climate change has been viewed as the best danger confronting mankind today. This is on the grounds that the impacts of worldwide environmental change undermine the very endurance of the present human race, however the people in the future too. Other than adding to an expected 150,000 passings yearly, environmental change is additionally connected with a misfortune in biodiversity, land debasement, soil disintegration

Free Essays on Earths Fury

On March 28, 1964 the United States saw it’s biggest tremor. It happened in Gold country, covering a region of around 600,000 square kilometers. This staggering occasion cost Gold country a huge number of dollars, and 110 losses. The enormous seismic tremor caused organizations, schools, and significant stores to be bankrupt, created a gigantic tidal wave, and made an eating up avalanche, which secured an enormous region. Mooring endured the most harm with more than thirty squares of flourishing business structures, and organizations being decimated. Two state funded schools were totally wrecked, and one was seriously harmed. One significant retail establishment and two lodging edifices fallen because of the seismic tremor. The tremor cause a aggregate of 311 million dollars in property harm, and just kept going an expected three minutes. The stun created a wave around the bay of Alaska. This deceptive tidal wave guaranteed fifteen lives, and caused genuine harm. Portions of Hawaii, and Canada likewise encountered the impact of this enormous wave Canada. Its most extreme stature was sixty- seven meters, it was likewise recorded on the tide gages of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Impacts of this wave were felt all around. The individuals that were sufficiently fortunate to get away from the significant impacts of the quake, weren’t fortunate altogether. At the point when the seismic tremor happened it brought a serious avalanche with it, causing substantial harm. A zone of 140 sections of land with seventy-five houses on it was totally pulverized. The slide additionally harmed the water and gas mains, causing even more issue for the individuals of Alaska. A various measure of phone lines and electrical frameworks were likewise wrecked in light of the slide. The impacts of the seismic tremor was felt by everybody, by the people in question, yet by the individuals who’s regular day to day existences were changed because of cruel topographical conditions. The innovation used to foresee earth... Free Essays on Earth's Fury Free Essays on Earth's Fury On March 28, 1964 the United States saw it’s biggest seismic tremor. It happened in Gold country, covering a territory of around 600,000 square kilometers. This overwhelming occasion cost Gold country a great many dollars, and 110 setbacks. The enormous tremor caused organizations, schools, and significant stores to be bankrupt, produced an enormous torrent, and made an eating up avalanche, which secured an enormous zone. Safe haven endured the most harm with more than thirty squares of flourishing business structures, and organizations being devastated. Two government funded schools were totally obliterated, and one was seriously harmed. One significant retail chain and two lodging edifices fallen because of the quake. The quake cause a aggregate of 311 million dollars in property harm, and just kept going an expected three minutes. The stun created a wave around the bay of Alaska. This misleading tidal wave guaranteed fifteen lives, and caused genuine harm. Portions of Hawaii, and Canada likewise encountered the impact of this colossal wave Canada. Its most extreme tallness was sixty- seven meters, it was likewise recorded on the tide gages of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Impacts of this torrent were felt all around. The individuals that were sufficiently fortunate to get away from the significant impacts of the seismic tremor, weren’t fortunate totally. At the point when the quake happened it brought a serious avalanche with it, causing overwhelming harm. A zone of 140 sections of land with seventy-five houses on it was totally wrecked. The slide additionally harmed the water and gas mains, causing even more issue for the individuals of Alaska. A various measure of phone lines and electrical frameworks were additionally devastated as a result of the slide. The impacts of the tremor was felt by everybody, by the people in question, yet by the individuals who’s regular day to day existences were changed because of unforgiving geological conditions. The innovation used to anticipate earth...

Seven things you should do before moving to NYC COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Seven things you should do before moving to NYC COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If you are preparing to embark on the SIPA adventure this fall to spend the next two years of your life in New York City, here is some advice on what you should definitely try and do before boarding that plane. Pack Light I know, you are permanently moving to New York for at least the next two years, and might feel tempted to bring along those pants that you may someday want to wear, or that old lamp you love. But New York is crowded, and space is not precisely a surplus commodity. Whether you live in Columbia housing or on your own, most likely you will have a small room, and an even smaller closet. Read a novel For those of you who like reading novels; this will probably be one of the first pleasures cruelly swiped away from your life by grad school. There is so much to read for every class, that reading a novel simply becomes a luxury that a SIPA student cannot afford. So use this summer to indulge in those fictitious adventures, as they will be deeply missed. Save New York is an amazing city, but it can also be amazingly expensive. If you want to have an occasional dinner at a nice restaurant, go to a concert, or take a taxi to avoid a 2-hour ride back from Brooklyn on a Saturday night, you should try and save some money to help you enjoy the city more. Go see nature You’ve heard the song. New York is indeed a unique concrete jungle where dreams are made of. But as fascinating as skyscrapers can be, they can also be overwhelming.   So make sure you get a good dose of wild mountains and blue oceans before you head this way. Get some rest SIPA will be lots of fun, but also lots of work. You will have endless nights in our basement library, for which you will need plenty of energy to help you cope. So get some serious sleep and rest before going back to school. Let go of your prejudices If you are coming to SIPA, you are probably already on track, but it doesn’t hurt to think about this once in a while. New York is a truly diverse place, and that is a central part of its magic. So open your mind and be ready to learn from other worldviews, cultures, careers and human beings. The more prepared you are to learning new things, the better your experience will be. Be ready to be merry Grad school, for most of us, happens once. Chances are this will be the last time in your life to be a student at a formal academic institution. Be consciously grateful for the endless opportunities, experiences and freedom the next two years will give you.

Students Freedom Of Speech - 949 Words

Students’ freedom of speech does not exist in society today. Students do not have rights of freedom of speech because society places stipulations on what students can say and do. Freedom of speech includes words, dress code, and actions. In school and at home, students are encourage to stand up for what they believe in. Apparently standing up for what they believe in does not apply to freedom of speech. Students are future leaders, and freedom of speech is a part of that future. The United State Constitution guarantee all citizens living in the United States the right to freedom of speech. Therefore, students’ freedom of speech should be embraced and not condemned. Martinson (2000) states that â€Å"freedom of speech is a basic and intrinsic right of all Americans, including students† (p. 145). If freedom of speech is a basic right, why is it that the rights of students on free speech is often violated by society and school administrators? Instead accepting stud ents’ speech for what it is, students are punished for speaking out. Although in most instances where administration feel the need to restrain student’s speech, what makes that decision absolute? Whenever there is a belief that student’s speech should be restrained by administrators, openness should always be embraced and the school administrators should bear the burden of proof to show justification (Martinson, 2000). School administrators should not always assume that a student’s freedom of speech is disruptive, butShow MoreRelatedStudents Freedom of Speech in School2118 Words   |  9 PagesStudent’s Freedom of Speech in Public School The First Amendment states that all citizens of the U.S have freedom of religion, petition, assembly, press, and speech. The First Amendment was written and adopted for over two hundred years of American History. Throughout this period people have questioned the extent of freedom that they were given through the First Amendment. The freedom of speech is probably the most misunderstood of all the five components in that the freedom of speech has been alteredRead MoreFreedom of Speech in the School System: Rights for Dean and Students702 Words   |  3 Pagesindividual’s freedom of speech from infringement by government; the Fourteenth Amendment extends this protection to the States and local levels of government, including public schools and universities. The Supreme Court has held that students do not â€Å"shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate† (Tinker). School officials have the authority to censor school-sponsore d speech based on legitimate pedagogical concerns. The dean of students has not censoredRead MoreThe Factors That Contribute to the Restriction in Freedom of Speech and Information in Malaysia Towards Iukls Local Students9027 Words   |  37 PagesTHE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE RESTRICTION IN FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND INFORMATION IN MALAYSIA TOWARDS IUKLS LOCAL STUDENTS 1.1 Introduction Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 19, 1948). Freedom of speech and information is the one of the rights to everyRead MoreFreedom Of Speech By The Bill Of Rights Essay1340 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversial topic that many protested for was, freedom of speech. After many years of wanting to be heard, Americans finally achieved the assurance of having a voice. The Bill of Rights was passed on December 15, 1791; commencing with the First Amendment. The First Amendments defends freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly and petition. Stated in the U.S. Constitution, the First Amendment declares Congress shall make no law†¦ abridging the freedom of speech.† Thus, meaning that citizens cannot be imposedRead MoreThe Importance of Freedom of Speech in College Essay812 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom of speech is more than just the right to say what one pleases. Freedom of speech is the right to voice your opinion on certain topics or dilemmas around you. This basic right given to us in the First Amendment is being challenge d by colleges who encourage â€Å"freedom of speech† with certain restrictions. In the two videos provided by FIRE, certain situations where students’ basic rights were violated were shown. In the first video presented by FIRE, I was very surprised to learn that someRead MoreFreedom Of Speech Should Not Be Legal1644 Words   |  7 Pagescollege as a Location for students to gain education and by the students gaining the education they obtain from colleges they than can use those skills to acquire a job that benefits the society we live in into a positive way. Freedom of speech is the right to express any opinion without being restrained by anyone, expressing ourself in part of being a person in that s what makes up who we are. We could believe in things,people or anything we have strong beliefs in. Students of any college should notRead MoreFree Speech vs Hate Speech Essay1647 Words   |  7 PagesFree Speech vs. Harmful Hate Speech Freedom of speech is instilled at the beginning of the Bill of Rights and it allows citizens of the United States to express their opinions without being afraid of what might happen to them, much like in other countries. Many times people are directly or indirectly harmed by others’ actions that are considered a right under the freedom of speech clause. Though, some people worry that if we do not allow for complete freedom of speech, it is hard to figure outRead MoreFreedom Of Speech Essay749 Words   |  3 PagesENC 1101 26 October 2017 Limited Freedom Of Speech Freedom of speech is defined as â€Å"The right to express any opinions without censorship or restraint†. With this being said the audacity of universities trying to completely limit students’ freedom of speech absurd. In some cases students should be held accountable for what they have said, but all speech is not deleterious and it should not be limited. If the university exposes the power to limit speech some students might take advantage for selfishRead MoreHate Speech Should Not Be Restricted at Universities Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesof free speech. The First Amendment states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Even though free speech is one of the core American values proudly embedded in each citizen, some poopAmericans find themselves torn between whether or not to limit the freedom of speechRead MoreFree Speech vs. Hate Speech Essay1362 Words   |  6 Pagesof free speech. The First Amendment states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Even though free speech is one of the core American values proudly embedded in each citizen, some poopAmericans find themselves torn between whether or not to limit the freedom of speech

Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart - 1538 Words

In Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo, the protagonist, experiences change from the cultural collision caused by the introduction of Western ideas into the Igbo culture. Okonkwo is the personification of the Igbo cultural values and morals, he is a true warrior, hard-working man that raises a surplus of staple foods, and a holder of many Igbo cultural titles showing proof of his dedication and work. Okonkwo is also one of the Egwugwu, an elder of the village that acts as a host for a god during the Igbo clan’s cultural and judicial meetings. However, no matter how great Okonkwo was, he fell victim to the changes of Western culture as it infiltrated and destroyed his people. Okonkwo is portrayed as the man among men, he is an†¦show more content†¦Okonkwo is driven by a fear, the fear of being like his father, a person that is regarded as a waste, a lazy, feminine man. This fear pushes Okonkwo to be hard working. â€Å"But his whole life was dominated by fear, the fear of failure and of weakness† (Things Fall Apart, 21). This quote shows how Okonkwo is fearful, stating exactly that his entire life he is been chasing this fear. The fear of failure is what makes Okonkwo so broad and powerful. â€Å"Okonkwo’s fear was greater than these. It was not external but lay deep within himself. It was the fear of himself, lest he should be found to resemble his father† (Things Fall Apart, 21) is another example of where fear is linking his fear to his father. This pushes the idea that Okonkwo’s father is bad and Okonkwo needs to be something else. However, Okonkwo’s father wasn’t a particular bad person, he just wasn’t what the Igbo people thought a man should be like. This also adds to Okonkwo’s drive for success, he works his fields thoroughly, plants and weeds meticulously, all of this stemming from that fear of becoming his father. Okonkwo initially is introduced as the perfect human i n the Igbo culture. However many changes occur throughout the book that shows Okonkwo is a deeper character than what’s on the surface. Okonkwo at one point is exiled from the village after he accidentally shot someone from the tribe. Okonkwo’s exile lasted seven years and during those seven years, a new breed

HR Practices in Pakistan and UK Free Essays

string(261) " studies and researches the researchers have done allot of hard work on the specific field of HRM but this research only comprise the developed countries where human resource management plays an important role in the development of multinational organisations\." The importance of recruitment and selection practices also known as Human Resource Management (HRM) could not be taken lightly. All national and multinational organisations rely on its most important resource – the people working in it – to carry out its goals and visions. Organisations do not work without the people. We will write a custom essay sample on HR Practices in Pakistan and UK or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Human Resource therefore takes care of a very essential component of the organisation. Thus, it deserves to be given due consideration and importance. The proposed research will be focused upon to investigate the comparison of HR practices in Pakistan and UK multinational organisations. In the recent past so many research findings have been produced about the implementation of HR practices in Pakistan but it is evident that HR practices are not fully implemented and what are the main causes and factors due to which these practices are not implemented. On the other hand the HR practices in developed countries like United Kingdom play important in the success of the multinational organisations. Thus along with comparison this study will also reveal the effect of HRM practices in developed countries like United Kingdom and under developed countries like Pakistan. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION: This chapter summarizes a brief overview of the entire dissertation. In this context, this chapter presents a brief introduction of the identified objectives. Background section of this chapter details research conducted to conclude main area of research. Some others topics include literature review, methodology, findings and results. Rest of this chapter has been organized as follows. In section 1, we present aims and objectives of our research study. Section 2 presents background study and research challenges are covered in section 3. At last in section 4 we present organization of this dissertation. International projects that are increasing their actions universally are uncovered to increase knowledge in the variety of ways according to their situation. They are familiar with choosing problem among an internationally consistent strategy a nearby adaptive strategy in their global individual source strategies. Asia is the best rising district on the earth (Economist 2003, 2005; Fortune 2004) plus is motionless under-researched evaluated to Europe as well as the United States. The financial systems of the nations underneath learning are frequently grouped jointly as being underpinned by â€Å"Asian principles† although restricted traditions, organizations, as well as work powers vary in every of the chosen states. Known the local variation in financial expansion, the assortment of state permits examination of move together to higher financial systems such as Singapore as well as less-developed financial systems such as Thailand plus Indonesia. The instant region of attention of this learning is the relocate of Human Resource strategies and their performance in United Kingdom headquarters (HQ) and supplementary in Pakistan. To know about how they use their HR practices and HR department to motivate their employees so that their performance should be at their best just like the HQ employees who has been working in a developed country. To know about the contrast of these employees the researchers is working on these variables, Motivation, Training and hiring of the employees. After studying Japanese organizations western writers and parishioners have found that workforce management (utilization) is one of the main reasons of their success. This has a great influence on the writers, parishioners and the researchers to consider proper use of workforce in western organizations. Later on this style was termed as ‘Human Resource Management’ or HRM. At present, many organizations has functional personnel department known as Human Resource (HR) with the basic aim of managing their employees in an efficient manner. 1.2 Realistic Background: At the same time as those kinds of keys are essential as well as sufficient to accomplish several of the managerial Human Resource jobs, the excellence of recompense, expansion plus guidance procedure – to name immediately a little – are not optimized with the similar severity in each state as those relating to the manufactured goods plus services that the own MNEs proffer. This require for the Human Resource purpose to competition the excellence of the manufactured goods as well as service commerce has lead to a rising attention of the MNEs’ headquarters in global Human Resource. People working individually or collectively for the organisation are the essential and most valued elements of human resource management. HRM is considered as a strategic and detailed approach for the management of the organisation. ‘Personnel’ management term was used before the concept of HRM. According to Grant and Oswick (1996) of practitioners views on HRM said â€Å"There is and always was a gradual evolution of personnel management. I see HRM as just the latest stage of this evolution.† In Pakistan the HRM process is in developing or infancy stage. In Pakistan and other under developed countries the HRM practices are not fully implemented. According to Beer et al, Human Resource Management affects the relationship between organisations and employees with the decision making. According to Pettigrew and Whip (1991) HRM is a total set of knowledge, skills and attitude that a firm need to compete. It includes matters like hiring, firing and training and actions concerning people such as employee relations, compensations and development. Such actions and matters can be brought up together through the creation of human resource management philosophy. HRM is the reflection of policies and objectives set by the management. These policies and objectives closely related and interlinked to each other. To obtain the objective of the organisation HRM function of planning pertains to arriving at an efficient process. It helps the company to achieve its goals. Organisation gathers and coordinates the resources needed to implement the plan. Human resource management organize the company structure form the relationships and allocate th e resources to attain the objectives. Directing refers to the human resource management function that leads and supervises employees to attain the company objectives. Finally, controlling is confirming if the plan is carried out in actual situation. 1.3 Research Aim and Objectives: 1.3.1 Research Aim: According to previous studies and researches the researchers have done allot of hard work on the specific field of HRM but this research only comprise the developed countries where human resource management plays an important role in the development of multinational organisations. You read "HR Practices in Pakistan and UK" in category "Essay examples" However less consideration has been given and not too much research has been done with context to under developed countries like Pakistan. Mostly the comparison revealed from past journals, books and magazines has shown that either one country has been thoroughly researched or two developed or under developed countries are compared. But this research tends to draw attentions towards the adaption of human resource management techniques and their behaviour in multinational organisations of both developed country like United Kingdom where HR practices are fully implemented and under developed country like Pakistan where HRM techniques are not used on same footings as of developed country and their results. 1.3.2 Research Objectives: To investigate about the status and nature of HR practices with respect to both countries. To conduct studies pertaining to human resources of both countries. To understand the influence of cultural, social, economic, political and business environment on HR practices with respect to Pakistan and UK. To suggest improvements to current HR standards imposed in Pakistan and UK. To suggest suitable model of HR. To give recommendation for successful implementation of HRM model. 1.4 Organisation of Work: INTRODUCTION All possible steps will be taken in order to make easy for readers about the finding of research. This dissertation is structured into SEVEN categories which are: LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH METHADOLOGY FINDINDS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONRECOMENDATIONS REFLECTION REPORT The layout of chapters for this report is as follows; 1.4.1 Literature Review Literature review is one of the important sections of our work. We understand that literature review provides a based to understand the importance of HR activities in GISO. The term HR activities here imply role and practices of HRM, SHRM and its implementation in GISO. This chapter also focuses on the strategy and elaborates the link between strategy and HRM in the selected GISO. 1.4.2 Research Methodology The main aim of this chapter is to discuss different methods and techniques for investigation in selected area. We will discuss research philosophy principle (positivism, realism and interpretive), qualitative analysis, secondary and primary data and also different types of interviews. In this chapter conclusions are made to identify various approaches and techniques needed to conduct our research study. 1.4.3Findings and Results Research findings and derived results are presented in this chapter. These results are drawn from the interview and data collection from the managers/owners of the selected GISO’s. 1.4.4 Conclusion This chapter presents research finding and derived results of our research study. In this chapter focus is also given on the aims and objectives of our research especially in the context of HR activities in the selected GISO’s. One important aspects of this chapter is the listed factors and reasons that are derived. We believe these factors and reasons can persuade business managers and owners to integrate HR and business strategies in selected GISO’s. Moreover, they can also be helpful in promoting the whole idea among the GISO’s. 1.4.5 Reflection This chapter presents our own reflection in terms of learning process based on research findings and conclusions of carried out research study. 1.6.6 References We have studied different books, academic papers and articles to build the foundation of our project. In references section we have listed all of literature we have studies in our research study. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Preface: The preceding section initiated and summarized this learning. This section presents the literature review of this study, which is related to the shift of strategies as well as performance in global individual source organization. Primarily, an integrative structure for learning global individual source matters is obtainable. Next the general idea of literature argues present thoughts in the close relative regulations (Perry 2003). These are initial, global individual source organization, next, nationwide, educational as well as lawful dissimilarities among United Kingdom as well as Pakistan, third, international projects their collision on individual source matters, plus the instant regulation, shift of individual source strategies as well as perform from international projects headquarters to auxiliary. 2.2 Integrative structure of planned Global Individual Source Organization (GISO): This part begins with the introduction of an integrative structure of planned global individual source organization. Its arrangements as well as inferences for this section are discussed. This structure is believed in determining an idea inside the field of Planned Global Individual Source Organization (PGISO) moreover it is extensively used as a structure for study plus educational coaching in the field of global Human resource. The frame is motionless suitable and present, in spite of the rising attention inside the field of Global Individual Source Organization (PGISO) more than the last 10 years (Evans 2003; Fisher Haertel 2004; Rowley Benson 2004; Schuler Budhwar 2002). As Pawan and Bahadur says ‘The impact of HRM policies on organisational performance is fully mediated by employee skills, attitudes, and behaviour. The paper concludes that although the motivation to perform HRM policy domain causes organisational performance, through employee attitudes, it may be supported that organisational performance positively moderates the effectiveness of this HRM policy domain, raising thus the question of reverse causality†(Anastasia, katou,Bahadur,2009). The HRM is concerned with the effective and efficient use of the organizations’ human resources. Hence, the human resource management runs the operations and as part of the functions of the HR departments is to attract the potential employees and by attracting the best applicants it is important that the HR management already prepared the strategies to help the hired employees perform well. Through the use of job analysis, the employees that are hired were trained and the expected them to perform the appropriate function effectively (Zafar, 2005). As in the words of Paul Gooderham†HRM promotes firm performance and firms have sufficient managerial autonomy to select HRM practices independently†(Gooderham and Nordhaug 2009). 2.3 Hierarchy of Human Resource themes (what is GISO and how it works): Schuler (1994; 2003) plus others (Briscoe 1996; Nankervis; Rowley Benson 2003) observed a hierarchy in the difficulty of human resources (HR) themes. The base is individual source organization in the firm at the nationwide stage. Individual Source Organization (ISO) comprises the majority human resources management jobs, such as payroll, as well as the themes of employing, presentation organization, preparation, expansion, recompense as well as advantages, as fine as manual labour relationships (Dowling, Schuler Welch 1994). Further difficulty is new when leaving single stage senior to Global Individual Source Organization (GISO), which comprises Individual Source Organization (ISO) as well as inserts the confronts of general, educational as well as lawful dissimilarities among the states of the firm’s actions (Adler 1986; Briscoe 1995; Dowling, Schuler Welch 1994; Fisher Hartwell 2003). 2.4 Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) This part describes an impression of GISO within the literature by talking about numerous obtainable GISO replicas. Three directions of MNE strategies towards GISO are argued. 2.4.1 Definition of Global Individual Source Organization (GISO): GISO descriptions are widespread; GISO matters merely discover features of Human Resource Management in MNEs (Briscoe 1995). For others ‘planned global individual source organization is no further than the request of GISO to the global or global commerce background’ (For this study a clear-cut explanation of Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) is used: GISO comprise of a compilation of strategies as well as perform that an international project uses to run the limited as well as non-local staff; it has in nations other than their residence nations. (Acclimatized from: Dowling, Schuler Welch 1994) 2.5 Obtainable Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) Replicas Some theoretical replicas look for to explain plus forecast how MNEs may demeanor Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) on a theoretical stage from a worldwide, planned viewpoint (Evans 1989, Pucik Barsoux 2002; Milliman, Von Glinow Nathan 1991; Nankervis, Compton 1999; Schuler 1993; Taylor, Beechler Napier 1996). What MNEs in fact perform as well as, further highly, how they accomplish it is not so fine filed. Afterward replicas identify additional interior also exterior issues to clarify MNEs’ options of Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) schemes. 2.6 Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) Courses policies An explorative GISO course is single in which the close relative firm’s Human Resource Management scheme is being moved to its dissimilar associates. This policy highlights incorporation crossways the entire associates. The unenthusiastic feature of such an explorative GISO policy is its rigidity. This might show the way to an ethnocentric course from Head Quarters (HQ) plus as a result, associates may be resisted to the compulsory perform (Adler 2001). The next, an adaptive GISO course is single in which every associate expands its personal Human Resource Management scheme, dazzling the restricted surroundings. The unenthusiastic feature of such an adaptive GISO policy is it’s require of internationally suitable principles as well as perhaps a group of incompetence due to the manifold formations of comparable strategies as well as schemes (Roberts,. 2000). The third, an integrative GISO course, together unites individuality of the close relative corporation’s Human Resource Management scheme with individuals of its global associates, as well as tries to obtain ‘the most excellent’ Human Resource Management strategies plus employ them all through the association. Shifting of Human Resource Management strategies as well as performance happens plus can go away in several ways, among associates or from single associate to Head Quarters (HQ) or from Head Quarters (HQ) to an associate (Taylor, Beechler Napier 1996). If realized fine, the integrative strategy is obviously the attractive win-win answer. The likely unenthusiastic feature is that the last GISO strategies of an MNE might symbolize the lowest ordinary denominator quite than surroundings global principles (Kostova 1999). Containing recognized the dissimilar alternatives of GISO in words of an explorative, adaptive as well as integrative strategy; the query is how to make a decision which alternative to decide. 2.7 Nationwide, Educational as well as lawful dissimilarities among United Kingdom Pakistan: This part primarily contrasts the states United Kingdom plus Pakistan on a macroeconomic stage plus after that continues to talk about a structure for relative learning on Human Resource Management matters. Moreover, civilization is described as well as a contrast of the educational dissimilarities of the nations founded on four writers’ replicas, is offered. Chart 2.7.1: Essential details concerning United Kingdom Pakistan ContrastUnited KingdomPakistan Populace(millions)83.518.7 GDP (billion US$)*2259451.2 GDP for each head(US$)*35,1002,400 Labour force(millions)31.45%55.77 Inflation rate3.3 %13.4% Joblessness7.9 %15% Faith71.6%Christian95 %Muslims (Source: World Fact Book 2010) *= founded on buying authority equivalence 2.7.2 Relative Structure Sensible: Relative learning on state stages countenances the difficulty of opposing styles plus information (Rowley Benson 2002). Nonetheless an effort is completed underneath to present a precis of the nations beneath learning, relating the relative structure of Velma, Kocher plus Lansbury (1996) in chart 2.8.2. Chart 2.7.2: Structure Functional for relative learning of United Kingdom Pakistan United KingdomPakistan Employment AssociationWide exercise of skill to amplify suppleness plus output of labour force.Mainly prejudiced by attendance of American MNEs’ local Head Quarters. Ability ConfigurationFine skilled labour force with stress on occupational preparation plus sensible learning.Management drives elevated stages of teaching.Extremely incomplete attempt from the confidential division. Recompense schemesAlthough an elevated earnings state, genuine incomes have been in refuse for years. Comparatively consistently dispersed disburse levels between businesses occupations.Earnings have been continually increasing in actual words with elevated manifolds of compensate levels as the standard. Pakistan is not a contemptible work site any longer. Service SafetyElevated servicesafety as well as labour force faithfulness with lawful defence of the labour force in recessions that creates saversCautious to get bigger in improvements.Extremely livelywork marketplacewithout compulsion on company to offerEnduring service or work safety. Business SupremacyCommunal negotiating well-built locations of the combinations that are as well symbolized on the panels of managers (co- willpower). Communally awfully steady.Corporatist scheme where the country forces work in a position secondary to administration financial rule. Generally steady. (Sources: Briscoe 1995; Herkenhoff 2000; Kamoche 2000; Lawler Siengthai 1998; Verma, Kochan Lansbury 1995). 2.8 Employment Association (United Kingdom Asia): United Kingdom utilizes skill to enlarge suppleness plus output of the labor force, Pakistan is powerfully prejudiced by American MNEs containing their Asia Head Quarters in Pakistan. Thailand is prejudiced in its job association by Buddhism as well as the physically powerful attendance of the kingdom Indonesia, being quite rigid, utilizes its plentiful labor force with not a lot attempt to amplify output. (Briscoe 1995; Kamoche 2000; Lawler Siengthai 1998; Verma, Kochan Lansbury 1995). 2.9 Ability Configuration: Pakistan have a profusion of inexpert work, with lacks in guidance as well as accomplished work, at the same time in Pakistan the administration vigorously forces for elevated stages of teaching as well as guidance. In United Kingdom the importance is on sensible learning, intensely entrenched in the scheme throughout professional guidance (Briscoe 1995; Kamoche 2000). 2.10 Recompense schemes: United Kingdom is elevated earnings kingdom with Pakistan being a contemptible work state. Whereas incomes plus salaries are dispersed comparatively consistently in United Kingdom, creating it extremely luxurious for low accomplished work, where as Pakistan is further used to elevate manifolds of disburse levels (Herkenhoff 2000; Kamoche 2000). 2.11 Service Safety: The additional Asian nations have lively work marketplaces as well as small employee faithfulness with the United States being the responsibility replica for Pakistan. The United Kingdom work marketplaces is very much controlled plus defended, therefore not self-motivated, with elevated employee devotion. United Kingdom defends their labour force lawfully in opposition to suspends, resultant in extra cautious developments throughout financial improvements (Briscoe 1995; Lawler Siengthai 1996). 2.12 Importance of Training in an organisation: One of the important element of HRM beside selection and hiring of employees is the training of employees. It is an essential tool for an organisation and plays an important role in enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the employees. It is beneficial for both the employee and the employer because when an organisation provides effective training to its employees they will in return be able to put that training in practice. Training is also important for employees to help them to cope themselves with the rapid or slow changes within the organisation. That is the reason that organisations put high regard on giving training to its employees Wright et al (1992). With the help of effectively conducted training programmes a large number of potential benefits can be obtained by individuals as well as organisations. With respect to their position trainees may gain greater intrinsic or extrinsic job satisfaction. Intrinsic satisfaction comes from performing a task well and extrinsic job satisfaction may be derived from extra earnings gained by performing well in an organisation which can also become the cause of enhancement of career and promotion prospects both inside and outside the organisation. On the other hand organisations benefits from increase in employee work performance and productivity Welch (1994). 2.13 Human Resource Practices in UK and Pakistan: To evaluate the present structure of HRM with respect to both countries, the author would also analyse the key factors affecting on HRM, which include, culture, political, economic social context, Institutions, education system and the present structure of HR in Pakistan, but the focal point of this study would be training practices of multinational banks having branches both in UK and Pakistan. According to Peter F. Drucker â€Å"People are definitely the company’s greatest assets. It doesn’t make a difference whether the product is cars or cosmetics. A company is as good as the people keep it.† 2.13.1 HR Practices in Pakistan: Pakistan was established on August 14, 1947. Today in 2011, sixty three years later, Pakistan is still experiencing growing pains. As a young nation Pakistan is facing a number of struggles to become a sustainable development country so that along with the national companies foreign companies should also do investment here. For this reason it is struggling hard to attain sustainable development particularly in the field of Human Resource management. From past 2 decades as the business started to grow up and foreign investment started to come in the country a large number of obstacles have been seen particularly in the field of improving and managing the human resource effectively. At this point Pakistan, the human resource management situation in Pakistan is far from being excellent. In some private sectors, HR department is present but it is not fully functional. The Army in Pakistan is a bit organized but still experiences some lapses in other areas. The multinational companies fai r better in the human resource department because they have management tools perfectly in place. The human resource techniques used in Pakistan in past need to be re-examined because they only managed to create a group of unskilled qualified man power and unproductive organizations. The issues or problems surrounding the human resource management all falls under the functions of HRM discipline. The issues revolve around several aspects such as: Job Analysis and Design: The function of human resource management is to monitor constantly the everyday performance of the organisation as everyday has new performance implication Guest, D (2001). In Pakistan most of the times the employees found themselves in an overlapping situation. One of the main reasons for this is that the job description and specifications are not properly outlined. This results in a situation where employees found themselves in an overlapping situation and take pressure and burden of work which makes them less productive and stops them to achieve their targets of job. Work Flow Process: In Pakistan the work flow process is not given much attention and is not implemented very well. This results in finishing a task longer time than in routine. In order to complete a task those processes are also done which are not necessary for the accomplishment of the task. Consequently, people end up doing more work that does not lead to the achievement of their goals. It also makes the management process seemed more complicated and time-consuming Singh K (2004). Recruitment and Selection: Nepotism and mal are the main hurdles which are responsible to curtail the process of hiring and selection in many government and private organisations. However with the introduction of new procedures the recruitment and selection process is getting better. In the private sector things look rosier since hiring is based on the qualifications of the applicant. Even if he is referred by the incumbent still the person they will hire needs to come up with certain performance standards to be able to remain in the organization. Work Environment: The office environment in Pakistan does not meet the standard of health and safety and sanitation standards. This is particularly noticeable in the government sector. The office does not provide a hospitable working environment that encourages productivity. The rooms usually do not have proper seating arrangements and cleanliness is ignored. However with the establishment of multinational companies and banks the environment on whole is getting better as they follow strict international standards of health and safety.Hierarchy: Government sector hierarchy is quite complicated in Pakistan. Expressing the point of view is quite difficult which can cost the employee his job. The officers in higher positions demand following of protocols complete with paraphernalia which costs money for the government. In the private sector, hierarchy is sometimes ignored where as in multinational organisations it is on very small scale. Working Hours: Working in the government requires that the employee report for work at 8am in the morning everyday even if they don’t do anything at that time. The employees usually come in at 8 then hop on a government vehicle to visit various offices for networking, socialize. At lunchtime they go home, rest then come back at 5pm in the evening and work until 9pm. This working technique allows worker to be committed to their jobs and learn hard work and perseverance. Performance Appraisal: The ACR in the government can either make or break careers. It is not unusual to see bending or distorting of appraisal to make the report more favourable to the employee. One report could spell a huge difference in a person’s career such as job promotion. Performance effectiveness often means not showing excellent performance but closer ties with the boss. The person in the higher position often does not bother to socialize with subordinates because they do not give feedback to the boss. Systems and SOPs: Government has some systems in place although some need improvement. The local NGO (non government organisation) sector does not have any system at all as they do whatever they want. The private sector such as multi-national companies is in a much better shape since they have established system for company activities. Reward System: Money is often seen as the only motivator even if employees are not compensated well. A vivid example of this is a police officer and an ordinary police man, the former often receives a number of privileges at work the latter however does not. The reward system could not possibly motivate people or be a real ‘reward system’ since excellent performances is not recognized by being promoted in the job or incurring a higher salary. Just as bad performance does not incur disciplinary measures for the employee. The reward system is virtually non-existent. Career Development: Employees often could not aspire for growth because of the presence of political red tape that poses as obstacles to be able to attain job promotions or, at least, a higher salary. Training and Development: Several national and international trainings are financed by the government for employees. These trainings however are dimmed by intrigues as the motive behind the selection of employees to be trained is often under suspicion Cooke, F (2002). The relevance of training and its applicability to the job is under scrutiny since it was found out that most Pakistani officials avail of international trainings to be able to experience travelling and have shopping trips. Aside from these pressing issues facing the sustainable advancement of human resource in Pakistan, more issues hound them such as: †¢Cost benefit analysis is not used in management decisions to determine the feasibility of a certain project or undertaking. †¢The education policies are not applicable to the industrial requirements. †¢Education is more focus on the theoretical aspect rather than the practical aspect of the profession. †¢Most professional malpractices are brought about by political pressures. †¢People are not chosen for the right jobs. Consequently, jobs become a daily routine. †¢People have ulterior motives that cater to their own interest even if it does not contribute to the advancement of the organization. †¢Poor leadership. †¢Diversity and innovation is not practiced in most companies whether government-owned or private. †¢Lack of opportunities for growth. †¢Low motivation. †¢Passive behaviours. †¢Management by Objectives (MBO) is not in place. †¢Multitasking is not practiced among government employees. †¢Pay is not based on performance level of an employee. †¢Commitment level is very low. †¢There is a noticeable lack of specialists in some subjects. †¢Deficient research in the area. †¢Improper Communication within the organization. †¢Inflexibility. †¢Wrong perceptions. †¢Many organizations don’t have a vision on where the company is heading. †¢Short term vision Government spent money to improve human resource but due to lack of planning, the expected positive result was not realized. Pakistan struggles to secure a place in the League of Nations because of poor human resource management in the past. Working is not enough if not given proper support and credit. These, however, are manageable issues once Pakistan resolves them. 2.13.2 HR Practices in UK: Human resource practice in UK can be considered as a perfect example of successful HRM techniques in developed countries. Comparing with Pakistan HRM practiced in UK can be said as the other side of the coin. Comparatively human resource practices in United Kingdom are more in place than in Pakistan. With hundreds of multinational companies and thousands of national companies all over United Kingdom a large workforce is working having a multi cultural background. Employees are offered an attractive salary and are also given benefits. In order to maintain the standard facilities, training and work conditions are also better as standards are needed to be adhered to. Government and private organisations work hand in hand to ensure that laws, policies and systems are practiced and carried out. As a testament to this, a number of skilled labourers also migrated to the United Kingdom from countries such as India, Philippines and Pakistan due to the more favourable working conditions in the UK Brewster et al (2004). This may come as a huge surprise then that in the latest survey of 2000 UK employees commissioned by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) revealed that relationships between employers and employees in a number of workplaces are described as having poor communication, trust is at low levels which leads to underperformance, low productivity and high staff turnover. In a book called Working Life: Employee Attitudes and Engagement 2006 written by Catherine Truss, Emma Soane and Christine Edwards from the School of Human Resource Management at the Kingston Business School, Kingston University and Karen Wisdom, Andrew Croll and Jamie Burnett from Ipsos MORI. The authors believe that the main problem in HR practices in UK revolves around communication and trust. In so many ways, it is similar to a marriage under stress: Mike Emmott, CIPD employee relations adviser, said: â€Å"Lack of communication means many employees feel unsupported and don’t feel their hard work is recognized. As a result the sparkle has gone out of the relationship, damaging productivity levels in many UK businesses.† How to cite HR Practices in Pakistan and UK, Essay examples

The Catcher in the Rye free essay sample

The Catcher in the Rye Like any good artist, authors must leave room for interpretation in their work. Symbolism provides readers with a chance to read between the lines and further interpret the literature. J. D. Salinger creates depth in his novel, The Catcher in the Rye, through the use of symbolism. By looking deeper into the symbols of the novel readers understand the true message he wishes to convey. The novel contains many symbols which give insight into Holdens views and feelings; these symbols include Holdens hunting hat, his fascination with the duck pond, and the use of the title The Catcher in the Rye. Holdens hunting hat is a distinct part of his identity as a character. Holden frequently wears the hat, despite its different and unconventional appearance. The hat stands for Holdens uniqueness and individuality. The bright red color of the hat also serves as a symbol. We will write a custom essay sample on The Catcher in the Rye or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Holden remembers Allie he often talks about his bright red hair. He also connects this color to Phoebe, who shares the same hair color. Holden uses the hat as a symbol of his siblings that he loves dearly. He wears the hat as a way to feel connected to them. Phoebe knows the importance of the hat and gives it back to Holden even though she thinks he will leave her. Then what she did-it damn near killed me-she reached in my coat pocket and took out my red hunting hat and put it on my head(Salinger 274). Holdens hat concretely represents him, whereas the pond more symbolically represents his youth and fear of change. The frozen pond and the migration of the ducks symbolize many things. Holdens curiosity about the duck pond shows his inner youth. Like a child, he constantly questions where the ducks go during winter. I was thinking about the lagoon in Central Park I was wondering if it would be frozen over when I got home, and if it was, where did the ducks go (Salinger 18)? The ducks leave every winter but return in the summer; this shows him that nothing remains permanent. Ever since Allies death Holden fears change and disappearance. The constant changing of the pond and ducks show how not even trauma lasts forever, life continues. The pond is not the only symbol representing youth, the title The Catcher in the Rye symbolizes youths innocence. Holden says he wants to be The Catcher in the Rye, meaning he wants to protect the innocence of youth. I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye And Im a standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff (Salinger 224). This represents how he wants to protect children from falling out of innocence. Holden views the adult world as completely phony and harsh. This causes him to want to save ch ildren, such as his sister, from these harsh realities. Considering the title, the symbol of holden as the catcher in the rye serves as the most important symbol in he novel. Evidence throughout the novel shows Salinger put great emphasis on the title as a symbol. Through analyzing the symbols of Holdens hat, his curiosity about the duck pond, and him as the catcher in the rye, readers obtain an in depth view on him as a character. These symbols give readers a deeper insight into the many messages Salinger conveys in the novel. They also provide readers with proof of the unique complexity of The Catcher in the Rye. Salinger put the symbols in the novel to allow room for individual interpretation. In return this makes the novel all the more intriguing and much more appealing to the reader. The Catcher in the Rye free essay sample An analysis of J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye focusing on Holden Caulfield, the main character in the novel. The following paper examines how the character of Holden Caulfield still reminds us that cynicism and self-doubt are not characteristics that are proprietary to adults. The writer examines how teen-age Holden is cynical, defiant, and blind to what is actually going on around him, yet to the very end of the novel he continues to berate the phoniness of others, particularly adults. The irony of Holdens seeing the faults and foibles of others while not being able to recognize them in himself is Salingers comment on the way society views the human condition . This paper discusses how society always views the human condition as the other guy. The novel begins with Holden proving this point: Were introduced to Holden by his telling us that he doesnt want to talk about his lousy childhood he doesnt feel like going into it (Salinger 1). We will write a custom essay sample on The Catcher in the Rye or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Holden is self-destructing but doesnt realize it because hes so intent on blaming everyone else for his problems. These psychological battles within Holdens own head serve as the basis for critical argument. As we read and learn more about Holdens situation, we must accept that society does indeed fail us because the finger is always pointed toward someone other than ourselves, whether its to help someone in need or accept that we ourselves need help. Holdens character has sometimes been criticized for possessing the same characteristics he abhors in other people, but that, as I see it, is the point he is a teenager and as such, rather self-centered. He doesnt choose to see that the very qualities he finds fault with in other people.

Personal information Essays

Personal information Essays Personal information Paper Personal information Paper Give your name, address, telephone numbers and e-mail address. There is no need to give your gender, marital status or number of children, if any. No need to mention your age either, but if you are young it is a good idea to put your date of birth as there may be jobs you are not eligible for because of you age.  Work history  This is where you list all your employment, starting with you current or latest job. If you have never has a job, include any periods of work experience or voluntary work you have done. For each job give the job title, the name of the company and what it does, if it is not well known. Add a list of your responsibilities in that position, list them too. Education  List your qualifications. As with work history, start with your most recent qualification or course. Include schools from secondary onwards. Do not include GCSEs below C grade. Writer the name of the college/ school and against it the qualifications you achieved there.  Skills  List any other skills you have. Examples include languages, with an indication of your level, driving, licence, and first-aid certificate or lifeguard qualifications. Include your key skills and IT qualifications here too. For IT, and you should also talk about which software packages you can use. References  It is usual to include the name and addresses of two referees. One must be an employer or tutor. Alternatively, you can state that referees are available on request this gives you time to ask referees for permission to give their contact details.  Profile  Some people choose to start their CV with a brief personal profile. It sums up your skills and experience and gives the employer an instant idea of whether you are suitable for the post. It can easily be adapted to fit a particular post. In personal information sector I have put down my name, address, telephone numbers and e-mail address. I have not put down my gender, marital status, because there is no need for me to put it down in a CV. I also dont have to mention my age, but sometimes you are young it is a good idea to put your date of birth as there may be jobs you are not eligible for because of you age. Work history  This is where I have listed all my employment, starting with my current or latest job. This includes all the work experience I have done. For each job I have given the job title, the name of the company and what it does, if it is not well known. I also have added a list of my responsibilities in that position.  Education  I have listed all my qualifications. Starting with my most recent qualification or the course I am doing. I have also talked about my secondary school education onwards. I have not included my GCSEs below C grade. I have also put down the name of the college/ school and against it the qualifications I have achieved there. Skills  I have listed all the other skills I have other than my education. Examples include languages, with an indication of my level. I have also included my key skills and IT qualifications too. For IT, I have motioned about the software packages I can use. References It is usual to include the name and addresses of two referees. One must be an employer or tutor. In my CV have put down that the referees will be available on request this will gives me time to ask referees for permission to give their contact details.

Soft Determinism Explained

Soft Determinism Explained Soft determinism is the view that determinism and free will are compatible. It is thus a form of compatibilism. The term was coined by the American philosopher William James (1842-1910) in his essay â€Å"The Dilemma of Determinism.† Soft determinism consists of two main claims: 1.  Determinism is true.  Every event, including every human action, is causally determined. If you selected vanilla rather than chocolate ice cream last night, you could not have chosen otherwise given your exact circumstances and condition. Someone with enough knowledge of your circumstances and condition would have been able, in principle, to predict what you would choose. 2.  We act freely when we are not constrained or coerced. If my legs are tied, I am not free to run. If I hand over my wallet to a robber who is pointing a gun at my head, I am not acting freely. Another way of putting this is to say that we act freely when we act on our desires. Soft determinism contrasts with both hard determinism and with what is sometimes called metaphysical libertarianism. Hard determinism asserts that determinism is true and denies that we have free will.  Metaphysical libertarianism (not to be confused with the political doctrine of libertarianism) says that determinism is false since when we act freely some part of the process leading up to the action (e.g. our desire, our decision, or our act of will) is not predetermined. The problem soft determinists face is that of explaining how our actions can be both predetermined but free. Most of them do this by insisting that the notion of freedom, or free will, be understood in a particular way.  They reject the idea that free will must involve some strange metaphysical capacity that each of us has–namely, the ability to initiate an event (e.g. our act of will, or our action) which is not itself causally determined. This libertarian concept of freedom is unintelligible, they argue, and at odds with the prevailing scientific picture. What matters to us, they argue, is that we enjoy some degree of control over and responsibility for our actions. And this requirement is met if our actions flow from (are determined by) our decisions, deliberations, desires, and character.   The Main Objection to Soft Determinism The most common objection to soft determinism is that the notion of freedom it holds onto falls short of what most people mean by free will. Suppose I hypnotize you, and while you are under hypnosis I plant certain desires in your mind: e.g. a desire to get yourself a drink when the clock strikes ten. On the stroke of ten, you get up and pour yourself some water. Have you acted freely? If acting freely simply means doing what you want, acting on your desires, then the answer is yes, you acted freely. But most people would see your action as unfree since, in effect, you are being controlled by someone else.   One could make the example still more dramatic by imagining a mad scientist implanting electrodes in your brain and then triggering in you all sorts of desires and decisions which lead you to perform certain actions. In this case, you would be little more than a puppet in someone else’s hands; yet according to the soft determinist notion of freedom, you would be acting freely. A soft determinist might reply that in such a case we would say you are unfree because you are controlled by someone else. But if the desires, decisions, and volitions (acts of will) that govern your actions are really yours, then it is reasonable to say that you are in control, and hence acting freely.  The critic will point out, though, that according to the soft determinist, your desires, decisions, and volitions–in fact, your entire character–are ultimately determined by other factors that are equally outside your control: e.g. your genetic make up, your upbringing, and your environment.  The upshot is still that you do not, ultimately, have any control over or responsibility for your actions. This line of criticism of soft determinism is sometimes referred to as the â€Å"consequence argument.† Soft Determinism in Contemporary Times Many major philosophers including Thomas Hobbes, David Hume, and Voltaire have defended some form of soft determinism. Some version of it is still probably the most popular view of the free will problem among professional philosophers. Leading contemporary soft determinists include P. F. Strawson, Daniel Dennett, and Harry Frankfurt. Although their positions typically fall within the broad lines described above, they offer sophisticated new versions and defenses. Dennett, for instance, in his book Elbow Room, argues that what we call free will is a highly developed ability, that we have refined in the course of evolution, to envisage future possibilities and to avoid those we don’t like. This concept of freedom (being able to avoid undesirable futures) is compatible with determinism, and it’s all we need. Traditional metaphysical notions of free will that are incompatible with determinism, he argues, are not worth saving.

Hunger and Poverty among African-Americans in the last ten years in Research Paper

Hunger and Poverty among African-Americans in the last ten years in Texas - Research Paper Example The term poverty is defined as the lack of some basic needs of living. As such the research work is done to identify and evaluate the multiple dimensions of poverty and hunger associated with the Afro American group of the state. Therefore, the research question is to identify the reasons and impacts of hunger and poverty of the African-Americans in the last ten years in Texas. The Great Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2008 seems to have had many negative effects on the United States including Texas. One of the main effects of the economic downturn has been the increase in the poverty rates in Texas since the year 2009. Poverty and food insecurity among the Afro American people seem to be closely interlinked. One in four Afro American people live are eligible for an amount of $11, 670 assistance from the government. In case of a single member household the percentage of assistance varies from 100% to 400%. The level of percentage is the same for household size of 1 to 8 but the amount of assistance varies. For example, the amount of assistance for a 2 member household at the 100% level is $15, 730. The 100% assistance is highest for 8 members household where the assistance amount is $40, 090. Lee and Frongillo (2001) have identified in their work that the rate of poverty among the children in the Afro American group living in Texas is alarmingly high which has p ut the whole future generation in a risky state (Lee and Frongillo, 2001). The term of poverty line is denoted as the threshold level or the minimum amount of money a person needs to lead a life in a particular country. Almost 35.7% of the total population of Afro American children belong to the below poverty line group in Texas as compared to only 20% of the American children living below the poverty line specified by the federal government. Despite being a state experiencing high growth and development, the poverty rate in Texas is high. Poverty is Texas seems

Liquor Ad Campaigns for Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Liquor Ad Campaigns for Analysis - Essay Example The campaign spans online advertising, television, events, social media and print. Four young artists are featured, and who Absolut describes as â€Å"daring spirits with a dedication to continuously transform the possibilities of personal expression.† It has as its core message the fact that young adults can free themselves from the idea of predetermined life events that might control their future. Though previous campaigns have also tapped from art, Transforming Today seems to be more active in transformation stimulation and in pushing forward the cultural scene. The artists making up the creative team in running the campaign includes a French national who does music, design and illustration apart from being a director, a digital media artist from America, an emerging fashion designer from France and a graphic novel artist from Brazil. It targets urban millennial who connect with creativity and who have the belief that the future is not written but to be created, which they can together with helping shape society. Its TV adverts run in sixty or ninety seconds of the three featuring together doing their work with thirty seconds spots for each of the artists. The online advertising appears on sites related to creative disciplines that the four artists work in, including music, design and fashion. The social media campaign involves engagement and outreach through the brand’s Twitter and Face book accounts, also through other artistic communities’ sites. From this promotional campaign, I think Absolut is in a bid to change its image as perceived by every member of the society. The approach is wisely calculated to draw every member of the society’s positive perception of its intent. The campaign casts an overall image of responsibility and positive thinking and action that would ultimately benefit the individual and society. It comes about as trying to shake off

Management Functions Essay -- essays research papers

In today’s business world managers follow certain rules that help them be better at their job and also contribute to the success of the business. The functions of management are established to help managers see the business operations with more clarity and understanding. This report will look at the four functions planning, organizing, directing and controlling. In business managers are divided into three parts: top-level, middle managers and first-level managers. Each level of management uses the four functions of management to do their job better. Management success is gained through accomplishment of mission and objectives. Managers fail when they do not accomplish mission and objectives. Success and failure are tied directly to the reasons for being in business, i.e., mission and objectives. However, accomplishing mission and objectives is not sufficient. Success requires both effectiveness and efficiency. Managers who accomplish their mission and objectives are said to be effective. Efficiency describes the relationship between the amount of resources used (input) and the extent to which objectives were accomplished (output). If the cost of accomplishing an objective is prohibitive, then the objective is not realistic in the context of the firm's resources. Additional planning is necessary. Management is defined as the process of setting and achieving goals through the implementation of some basic management functions. These functions include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. By using these key tools, one can create an organization as a whole consisting of unified parts acting in harmony to achieve goals, both successfully and proficiently. It is common knowledge to many managers and employees today that the very goal of one organization is to be as efficient and effective as possible. Planning, which can otherwise be known as the â€Å"first† function of management, places the groundwork in position for the other functions of management. Planning is a constant process that entails determining courses of action to respond to the questions of what should be done, by whom, where, when, and how. By planning properly, one will devise a proposal for the organizational activities necessary to reach the objectives one has set for themselves or their team. There are three basic management skills: technical, human and conceptual. A technical skill is t... ...in an organization or company. Management is basically just creative problem solving. Creative problem solving can be accomplished by using the four functions of management. The managers duties may vary but the basic functions of management remain the same. Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are the four functions of management. How they are implemented and used in an organization is the responsibility of the manager. Planning is an ongoing process that develops the company’s mission and objectives it also helps to determine how they will be accomplished. Planning is something that we all do practically everyday. We have to plan each day accordingly to accomplish our most important task. By planning we are less likely to have any surprises and by knowing what our tasks are for the day we are more likely to get those tasks accomplished. Resource: UOP (2005): Resource; Week One Reading Assignment. Retrieved on April 26, 2005 From University of Phoenix www.ecampus.phoenix.edu Lemire. J (2005) Week One reading: Course material newsgroup; UOP Retrieved on April 26, 2005 from www.ecampus.phoenix.edu James Higgins, The Management Challenge, Second edition, Macmillan, 1994 Management Functions Essay -- essays research papers In today’s business world managers follow certain rules that help them be better at their job and also contribute to the success of the business. The functions of management are established to help managers see the business operations with more clarity and understanding. This report will look at the four functions planning, organizing, directing and controlling. In business managers are divided into three parts: top-level, middle managers and first-level managers. Each level of management uses the four functions of management to do their job better. Management success is gained through accomplishment of mission and objectives. Managers fail when they do not accomplish mission and objectives. Success and failure are tied directly to the reasons for being in business, i.e., mission and objectives. However, accomplishing mission and objectives is not sufficient. Success requires both effectiveness and efficiency. Managers who accomplish their mission and objectives are said to be effective. Efficiency describes the relationship between the amount of resources used (input) and the extent to which objectives were accomplished (output). If the cost of accomplishing an objective is prohibitive, then the objective is not realistic in the context of the firm's resources. Additional planning is necessary. Management is defined as the process of setting and achieving goals through the implementation of some basic management functions. These functions include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. By using these key tools, one can create an organization as a whole consisting of unified parts acting in harmony to achieve goals, both successfully and proficiently. It is common knowledge to many managers and employees today that the very goal of one organization is to be as efficient and effective as possible. Planning, which can otherwise be known as the â€Å"first† function of management, places the groundwork in position for the other functions of management. Planning is a constant process that entails determining courses of action to respond to the questions of what should be done, by whom, where, when, and how. By planning properly, one will devise a proposal for the organizational activities necessary to reach the objectives one has set for themselves or their team. There are three basic management skills: technical, human and conceptual. A technical skill is t... ...in an organization or company. Management is basically just creative problem solving. Creative problem solving can be accomplished by using the four functions of management. The managers duties may vary but the basic functions of management remain the same. Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are the four functions of management. How they are implemented and used in an organization is the responsibility of the manager. Planning is an ongoing process that develops the company’s mission and objectives it also helps to determine how they will be accomplished. Planning is something that we all do practically everyday. We have to plan each day accordingly to accomplish our most important task. By planning we are less likely to have any surprises and by knowing what our tasks are for the day we are more likely to get those tasks accomplished. Resource: UOP (2005): Resource; Week One Reading Assignment. Retrieved on April 26, 2005 From University of Phoenix www.ecampus.phoenix.edu Lemire. J (2005) Week One reading: Course material newsgroup; UOP Retrieved on April 26, 2005 from www.ecampus.phoenix.edu James Higgins, The Management Challenge, Second edition, Macmillan, 1994

Aquarius: A New Isotonic Sports Drink In Asia Essay

Background Aquarius is a new isotonic sports drink launched in Asia at the year 2012 by The Coca-Cola Company. Aquarius was introduced in Japan in year 1983 as a grapefruit flavored sports drink as a response to compete for market share with other isotonic sports drinks such as Pocari Sweat,H2O and 100plus.Aquarius was also the official sports drink for Olympics game in Barcelona in 1992 and 2012.As it’s a new launch product in Asia, there’s a need to create awareness to enable consumer to know and have a better understanding about this product. Aquarius is not only an isotonic drink that is able to replenish health but also contains various minerals such as Potassium, vitamins B3, B12, B6 and Guarana. Target Audience With the knowledge of psychographic characteristics is used to describe and identify customers and prospective customers and to aid in developing strategies designed to appeal to specific segments of the market for Aquarius. Aquarius is created to target sports and health cautious consumers as there is a raise in health awareness as people are leading in a more health cautious behavior. Exercise had become a more regular routine and Aquarius is the right isotonic drink to replenish and crunch thirst after a good workout. Thoughts and Feelings Consumers are able to trust Aquarius as it is a product from a reputational beverage company The Coca-Cola. The Coca-Cola had been a leading beverage brand in the market; with a good history background it created trust in its products. Aquarius is an official isotonic drink for Olympics 1992 and 2012. With such a massive event and being the official drink had proven its value and gain trust in the market. Well known athletic had consume Aquarius during the game had given it trust on the brand. Objectives and Measures The objective of Aquarius is to become the leading isotonic drink in the market. Measures can be achieved by conducting personal interviews, focus group interviews or conduct public survey to measure how recognized is the brand to consumers. Behavioral Outcome Aquarius would become a brand recall, a brand that will imprint in a person mind. As Aquarius is targeting sporty and health cautious consumers, therefore after a workout or they feel like getting a soft drink to ease the thirst, Aquarius will be the number one brand they will think of and reach out for. Positioning Television advertisement, sports events and sports and health magazines will be heavily advertising Aquarius to promote this product as it is new in Asia. Asia marketing would be on a heavier focus. Aquarius must be easily available, places such as school; stadiums, drinks stores, vending machines and supermarkets will be carrying Aquarius. Pricing plays an important role; it will be sold at an affordable rate. A slogan can be proposed such as Always Energized, this create a catchy term for people to have deeper impression of Aquarius isotonic drink. A striking logo to imprint in person mind, whenever consumer sees similarity will easily associate to Aquarius. Strategy A marathon run that held island wide can be a campaign to promote Aquarius. Proposal like Aquarius run which is held and official drink will Aquarius. Aquarius logo can be printed on the goodies bag and other merchandised included. By holding this event, it can create awareness and publicity, participants also get the chance to taste Aquarius and feel its benefits. Celebrity endorsement is also recommended, by getting a sporty and well known celebrity such as Jackie Chan. Jackie Chan is a well know international artiste and also an athletic, with his martial arts history and stunt act. He would be a good choice to endorse Aquarius. It will gain attraction and create notice of the brand in Asia or globally. Nitty Gritty Details The deadline for client is 13 December 2012 as client had a month to consider and get back. The budget for the production would be estimated at Eight hundred thousand dollars, this include marathon events and celebrity endorsement fee. Bibliography The Coca Cola Company, 2012,[Online],available: http://www.coca-cola.com.sg/beverage_benefits/aquarius.asp view on [13 November 2012] Rtbot,2012,[Online],available: http://www.rtbot.net/Aquarius_(sports_drink) view on [13 November 2012] Conteneo,2012,[Online],available: http://www.infodrinks.com/soft-drinks/sport-drinks/isotonic/aquarius/ view on [13 November 2012]

Analysis of Socrates Definition of Justice in The Republic

An Analysis of Socrates Definition of Justice Introduction This paper will consider Socrates definition of justice in the individual by showing what, according to this definition, makes people and action just and whether Socrates definition of justice is plausible. It appears that Socrates definition of justice is plausible but demanding. However, because the transcendentals that Socrates seeks are like the light at the top of the mountain up which the philosopher climbs after leaving the cave, it must be realized that the journey toward justice is one of labor but not one that is implausible. Context Plato founded the Academy at Athens after Socrates death and preserved the lessons that Socrates had taught, essentially laying a foundation for the study of philosophy in Western Civilization. Platos Republic seeks to unite the lessons of the Academy with the circle of politics that occupied much of Platos life: The Republic, in fact, teaches that unless philosophy and politics unite completely, the evils of the state will never cease. This unity, indeed, is what is at the core of Socrates (and therefore Platos) definition of justice. As B. M. Laing states, The Republic argues that justice is the principle which co-ordinates different arts (Laing, The Problem of Justice in Platos Republic, p. 412). The definition of justice that Socrates attempts to explore throughout The Republic is one that considers the individual in relation to the city or theShow MoreRelatedPlato s Definition Of Justice1306 Words   |  6 Pagesargue that Plato s definition of justice in the individual is inadequate since a just individual cannot act unjustly. I will start by defining justice in the individual. Next, I will reexamine Socrates’ refutation of Polemarchus’ second definition. Then, I will show how just individuals (i.e., the philosophy rulers) in the republic act unjustly by using the example of the treatment of people with disability in the republic. This creates a contradiction in Socrates definition. Lastly, I will proposeRead MoreSocrates And His Views Of Justice1656 Words   |  7 PagesPHIL100H Dr. Gottlieb 10/8/14 Socrates and His Views of Justice In Plato’s The Republic, there are several accounts of justice that are presented throughout the dialogue, especially in Book I. One of these accounts is presented by Socrates, in which he believes that justice is not harming anyone under any circumstances. Socrates first presents this argument when he questions if it is just to treat anyone badly (335b). Polemarchus, based on his account of justice – in which justice is treating friends wellRead MoreEssay on Thrasymachus’ Views on Justice939 Words   |  4 PagesThrasymachus takes on the definition of justice, as well as its importance in society, is one far differing from the opinions of the other interlocutors in the first book of Plato’s Republic. Embracing his role as a Sophist in Athenian society, Thrasymachus sets out to aggressively dispute Socrates’ opinion that justice is a beneficial and valuable aspect of life and the ideal society. Throughout the course of the dialogue, Thrasymachus f ormulates three major assertions regarding justice. These claims includeRead MoreEssay on Platos Response to Thrasymachus Immoralist View of Justice1491 Words   |  6 PagesPlatos Response to Thrasymachus Immoralist View of Justice In Book 1 of the ‘Republic’, Socrates, in answer to the question ‘What is Justice?’ is presented with a real and dangerous alternative to what he thinks to be the truth about Justice. Julia Annas believes Thrasymachus thinks Justice and Injustice do have a real existence that is independent of human institutions; and that Thrasymachus makes a decided commitment to Injustice. She calls this view ‘Immoralism’: â€Å"the immoralist holdsRead MorePlato s Views On The Virtue Of The Virtues Essay1256 Words   |  6 Pagesnothing, for when I don t know what justice is, I ll hardly know whether it is a kind of virtue or not, or whether a person who has it is happy or unhappy† (Republic 354c) Plato presents Socrates as believing in the unity of the virtues, skeptical of those who, like Meno, wish to treat the virtues as distinct objects of inquiry in dialogues such as Laches, Protagoras, Meno, the Republic, and Euthyphro. These dialogues provide good reason to deny that Plato’s Socrates believed in the numerical identityRead MoreThe Republic, Socrates And Glaucon1244 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy 1300 11 September 2014 First Paper In sections 433-445 of The Republic , Socrates and Glaucon discuss about definitions and properties of both justice and injustice, with reference to the structure and condition of an ideal city with absolute justice. Considering the properties of justice and injustice, they conclude that just lives, even without anything desirable, are better than any other unjust lives. To start off, Socrates discusses about a just city where three kinds of people (rulers,Read MorePlato s View On Morality And Justice875 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s Republic proposes a number of intriguing theories, ranging from his contemporary view of ethics to political idealism. It is because of Plato’s emerging interpretations that philosophers still refer to Plato’s definitions of moral philosophy as a standard. Plato’s possibly most argued concept could be said to be the analogy between city and soul in Book IV, partially due to his expansive analysis of justice and the role justice plays in an â€Å"ideal city,† which has some key flaws. Despite theseRead MoreEssay on Platos Theory of Human Nature1029 Words   |  5 PagesPlatos Theory of Human Nature In my opinion, Socrates’ analysis of human nature is very true as it ultimately brings us his definition of justice. I agree with his theory of human nature but not his social-political theory. In order to understand Plato’s theory of human nature and his social-political theory, we must examine each one of them closely. Plato believed that no one is self-sufficient enough to live individually. Human beings are not created equally; some of us are bornRead MoreJustice Is The Best Choice For Its Own Sake1307 Words   |  6 PagesPlato’s Republic, is a classic philosophical novel that covers many points and topics regarding philosophy. One of these main points includes justice. In this essay I will be answering the question of whether justice in soul is choice worthy for its own sake. While this topic is quite complex, I will use a mixture of personal analysis as well as evidence from the book itself to assert that justice in soul is the best choice for its own sake. In the following paragraphs I will discuss what justice in theRead MoreAnalyzing The Ways That Plato Is An Unusual Epic Hero946 Words   |  4 PagesHero (An Analysis of the Ways that Plato is an Unusual Epic Hero) From the crooked heights of Troy to the winding streets of Athens, the ancient West was fascinated by epic heroes. Bards sang poems about the fleet footed Achilles and the cunning Odysseus. Every man, woman, and child knew the stories of Jason, Hercules, and Hector. However, there is one man who achieved fame akin to the epic heroes of olden times with neither strength nor skill. His name was Socrates. In ancient Greece, Socrates was the